How to write an exam optimised Macbeth essay.

Introduction

Writing an essay on Macbeth requires a deep understanding of the play, its characters, themes, and historical context. Whether you're analyzing Macbeth's tragic downfall or exploring themes like ambition and guilt, a structured approach to writing will help you create a compelling argument. Here's a guide based on the video on marking Macbeth essays, specifically tailored for writing essays that meet exam board criteria.

Step 1: Understanding the Question

The first step is to understand the essay prompt. This often involves focusing on specific characters, themes, or motifs. For instance, a question may ask you to explore how Shakespeare presents the character of King Duncan in Macbeth. The key is to break down the question and identify its focus.

Example Question:

• How is Duncan presented as a king in Macbeth?

Once you understand the question, your thesis or argument should provide a direct response. This thesis will be the backbone of your essay.

Step 2: Structuring Your Essay

An essay should be well-structured, with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

1. Introduction:

Start by introducing the main argument or thesis. For example, if writing about Duncan, you could say:

• “In Macbeth, Shakespeare presents King Duncan as a righteous and benevolent ruler, whose murder disrupts the natural order and sets Macbeth on his tragic path.”

The introduction should also briefly mention the themes or elements you will analyze (e.g., Duncan’s leadership, his connection to the divine right of kings, and the Jacobean audience’s perception of him).

2. Body Paragraphs:

Each paragraph should address a specific point that supports your thesis. Use the AQA exam objectives (AO1, AO2, and AO3) to guide your analysis:

• AO1 (Knowledge and Understanding): Display your understanding of the play. For example, describe Duncan’s actions and how Shakespeare portrays him as a just and moral leader.

• AO2 (Analysis): Dive deep into key quotes and analyze Shakespeare's use of language. For instance, analyze the symbolism in Duncan’s actions, such as the phrase “let me unfold thee” when he embraces his subjects, symbolizing trust and openness.

• AO3 (Context): Incorporate historical and cultural context. For example, explain the importance of the divine right of kings during the Jacobean era and how Duncan’s assassination would have shocked a contemporary audience, particularly given the parallels to the Gunpowder Plot.

Example Paragraph on AO1 and AO2:

"Duncan is portrayed as a righteous king who upholds the divine right of kings. His declaration of Malcolm as his heir in Act 1, Scene 4, emphasizes his commitment to order and succession. The phrase ‘let me unfold thee’ symbolizes his trust and openness towards his subjects, a quality that ultimately leads to his tragic demise. This trust is evident when he welcomes Macbeth into his home, despite the latter’s intentions."

3. Conclusion:

Your conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your thesis. For example:

• “Shakespeare’s presentation of Duncan as a noble and trusting ruler heightens the tragedy of his murder. By exploring the Jacobean context, we can see how his assassination disrupts both the natural and social order, leading to Macbeth’s downfall.”

Step 3: Choosing and Analysing Quotes

Select relevant quotes from the play to support your points. Make sure each quote is analyzed in detail, focusing on how it contributes to the overall argument.

Example Quote Analysis:

When Duncan says “Stars shall shine on all deservers,” he is implying that those who are righteous will be rewarded. The imagery of stars links to divine approval, reinforcing the idea that Duncan is God’s chosen king. This also sets up the tragic irony, as Macbeth’s undeserved rise to power later disrupts this natural order.

Step 4: Integrating Context (AO3)

To earn higher marks, you must integrate relevant historical and social context into your analysis. For Macbeth, this might include:

• The Divine Right of Kings: Duncan’s murder represents a violation of this sacred principle, which would have deeply unsettled a Jacobean audience.

• Witchcraft and Supernatural Beliefs: The witches' prophecies and their manipulation of Macbeth would have been viewed as deeply sinister in Shakespeare’s time, as King James I had a strong interest in witchcraft.

Step 5: Refining Your Analysis

Ensure your essay demonstrates critical thinking by connecting your points to broader themes and ideas within the play. For instance, in discussing Duncan’s character, you can also explore themes of loyalty, power, and the consequences of ambition.

Advanced Analysis:

• Consider the role of dramatic irony, such as when Duncan praises Macbeth while the audience knows of Macbeth’s murderous intent.

• Link quotes to key themes like appearance vs. reality. For example, Macbeth’s outward loyalty contrasts with his hidden ambition.

Conclusion

Writing a strong essay on Macbeth involves a thorough understanding of the text, insightful analysis of language and quotes, and the integration of historical context. By following a structured approach and focusing on the key assessment objectives, you can create an essay that not only addresses the question but also offers a deep and nuanced interpretation of Shakespeare’s work.